2 Passages for Note-Making (Classes XI & XII)

I. Read the following passages carefully.

1. Corporal punishment should be banned since numerous studies have proved that when pain is inflicted on an individual, it does not necessarily change his or her behaviour. Corporal punishment has over the years been used at home and in school as a means of influencing behavioural change among young people. At home, parents tend to punish their children, especially when their behavior is deemed as arrogant or when they engage in naughty activities. In addition, teachers have used corporal punishment in schools to influence behavioural change among students and also influence them to work hard in their academics. However, evidence reveals that corporal punishment is a form of violence which has little influence in motivating positive change and it may even lead to rebellion both at home and in school. 

2. Corporal punishment has been banned in different countries since evidence has shown that it may in fact impact negatively on positive development of young people. There are different forms of corporal punishment, including slapping, pinching, or beating using different objects such as sticks, belts, and so on. It is important to note that any method that is used to inflict pain on another person can promote violence, especially when the victim resists or defends himself. Furthermore, corporal punishment and any other form of violence have been prohibited in various schools in America since authorities regard it as illegal. Prohibition of corporal punishment was first implemented in numerous private schools, with the policy also being implemented in homes where parents are asked to utilize other methods of instilling positive behaviour on their children. There are alternatives to corporal punishment that have been recommended by psychologists, and which parents should always follow in order to instil discipline among their children. 

3. Research studies have argued that children tend to learn when they imitate the behaviours of their elders. This implies that parents, teachers and other adults act as important role models who influence the kind of behaviours that are adopted by children. Therefore, when children are exposed to corporal punishment or any other of form of violence, they may end up using violent tendencies against their colleagues. It is evident that the main aim of elders is to bring up children who are respectful, trustworthy, and people of integrity. Therefore, corporal punishment should not be used as a rationale of developing good behaviour since it can have negative repercussions, including low self-esteem and increasing the risk of depression and even suicide. Scholars are of the opinion that corporal punishment tends to affect children differently, but the negative results usually outweigh the positive factors. (430 words) (Courtesy: https://essaybasics.com)

a. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Give an appropriate title.

b. Write a summary of the above in 80 words using the notes. 

 II. Read the following passage carefully.

      1. Cigarette smoking is prevalent among many adults in the world. Smoking kills many people than other illegal drugs, and it is also very harmful. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention states that approximately 443000 people die yearly from tobacco use. Therefore, people feel that cigarettes and other tobacco products should be made illegal. Regardless of the fact that tobacco contributes to the economy, its negatives impact outweighs the positive ones. The use of tobacco results in various diseases like heart diseases, breathing problems, oral cancer and also lungs failure.

      2. Growing tobacco, manufacturing of cigarettes and consumption should be outlawed because they have no health value; however, science and medical investigators say smoking is a significant cause of cancer such as lung, throat and mouth cancer and other chronic diseases such as asthma. The truth is that cigarette contains 43 cancer-causing complexes (Gardiner & Clark, 2010). These include tar, nicotine, and carbon. The compounds affect the internal function of human body’s immune system. Pregnant mothers who smoke cigarettes cause harmful effects on the infant’s lungs which hampers lung development.

      3.  The law states that the allowed age to buy cigarettes should be eighteen and above. Recently, it has become a precarious public disaster because older students in the school are pressured to smoke. This exposes other non-smokers students to second-hand smoke which is more dangerous than smoking itself. Smoking around children is a bad influence which makes them believe that smoking is right. In Indonesia teenagers start smoking as early as fifteen years; these affect their brain and hinder concentration in school (Gardiner & Clark, 2010). This also affects their future.

      4. Tobacco production and cigarette use should be banned because it leads to deforestation and wildlife fire. Research shows that hectares of lands are cleared to create more room for tobacco production. The loss of natural forest causes climate change and soil erosion. Due to these issues, farmers experience unmanageable agriculture practices. Meanwhile, in countries with high tobacco production, including Zimbabwe and Syria forests and woodlands are profoundly destroyed leaving behind barren lands. This results in high winds and waves along the coastal regions followed by massive floods in rainy seasons. In the past twenty years, cigarette casks have been the most significant source of litter in the environment (Gardiner & Clark, 2010). Wildfires are as well are an enormous problem caused by cigarette smokers. For example, in Hinggan forest china, a cigarette was discarded causing the most massive wildlife fire which ruined three million acres of land leaving 34,000 people homeless. More- over, roughly, 3000 cigarette filters are dropped in the towns. These butts are very poisonous when eaten by the children (Gardiner & Clark, 2010). Due to this behaviours’ Canada and United States metropolis have barred smoking on the beaches. To protect our environment, people should join hands with the government to kick out tobacco production.  (480 words) (Courtesy: https://essaybasics.com)

 a. On the basis of your reading of the above passage make notes on it using headings and sub-headings. Use recognizable abbreviations wherever necessary. Give an appropriate title.

b. Write a summary of the above in 80 words using the notes.